аЯрЁБс>ўџ ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ§џџџўџџџўџџџ   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:ўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot EntryџџџџџџџџВZЄ žбЄРOЙ2К€3OsХ;CONTENTSџџџџ pCompObjџџџџџџџџџџџџVSPELLINGџџџџџџџџџџџџhўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџers with veterans among them from Victorian and Californian mines. In New Zealand they were principally alluvial miners and accounts of them at work praised their organisation and skills. When the dry ground surface gold was exhausted in the 1880s, Choie Sew Hoy, the Dunedin merchant pioneered the so-called  New Zealand Gold Dredge , which not only revitalized Otago and West Coast alluvial mining by wet ground dredging but it also became the basic gold and tin dredge model in the world. The Cantonese goldseekers way of life characterised Chinese immigration in New Zealand for 90 years. They were poorly educated male small farmers from the countryside. In their homeland, they were neither the richest or the poorest but few had much money to emigrate with, and many did so by loan money. They came as single men; at the turn of the century, long after they first came, there were only 18 Chinese wives in New Zealand. Only a few goldseekers had a fair facility in English speech and fewer could write English. But their great resource was their kith and kin social groupings, to which, overseas, they added Cantonese county groupings. Within these groupings they found comradeship, assistance, shelter and work. European observers acknowledged that the Chinese formed the strongest goldfields groupings, in which they pooled money, labour and skills and needed only one person to liaise with the Europeans. Think about it. A rural Cantonese man alone had no chance in New Zealand but a group of them bound together by kinship or county origin could succeed. After goldmining, such groupings also applied to their market gardens and other businesses. Other characteristics included their strong moral sense, which inclined them to law and order, and a strong cultural sCHNKWKS pјџџџџTEXTTEXT\_FDPPFDPPbFDPCFDPCdSTSHSTSHfSTSHSTSHf2SYIDSYIDPfSGP SGP dfINK INK hfBTEPPLC lfBTECPLC „fFONTFONTœf<STRSPLC иf:PRNTWNPRgЖFRAMFRAMШnˆTITLTITLPo8DOP DOP ˆo.pally alluvial miners and accounts of them at woThe First Four Generations My talk is about the first four Chinese generations in New Zealand, all four being of Cantonese origin. In viewing myself and my Cantonese contemporaries as members of the fourth generation, then our father s generation was the third, our grandfathers the second, and our great-grandfathers generation the first, which date back to the 1860s. Because of the singular Chinese history in New Zealand, I am not referring to generations of settlers but migrant generations, China-born and coming here as sojourners until my fourth generation, which effected the crossover to settlement in the 1950s. In other words, the first three generations were sojourners, and the fourth was a transitional generation. The ascendant periods of the generations were approximately 1865-1890, 1890-1920, 1920-1950 and 1950-80. Of course there was much overlap, but I am speaking of the general picture. The first generation were the Cantonese goldseekers from Australia and China, coming to goldfields of Otago-Southland, and to a lesser extent, the West Coast. In 1864 and again in 1865, they were invited to Otago to replace thousands of European miners who were leaving to return to Victoria or rush to the West Coast fields. The Chinese came when Otago promised them equal treatment in law to what others received. The heyday of the Chinese miners was the 1870s when they reached a peak of over 4,000 in Otago and became nearly 6% of the general population, some 17% of the goldfields population and 40% of the gold miners. In the 1870s they went to the West Coast and the combined Otago and West Coast population of Chinese reached 5,000. This figure was the maximum Chinese population in New Zealand in the nineteenth century. The Chinese were excellent goldminense, despite their lack of education. Why did they come to New Zealand? They came to acquire capital, around Ѓ100 in the shortest time, with which to return to their ancestral villages. At home, the foreign exchange rate and lower cost of living magnified their savings. In a word, they were sojourners, not settlers. Like sojourners the world over - like, for instance, modern New Zealanders who go to the Middle East - they seldom cared to learn the host country s language or customs, to intermarry, convert to the host country s religion or participate in its public affairs. They tended to mix with their own kind and to keep a low public profile. So sojourners tend to keep silent in the face of controversy, whereas settlers must face and resolve it. The sojourners needed two pre-requisites, a safe environment in which to work and save, and the prospect of being able to take their savings away. The Cantonese goldseekers to New Zealand and the other Gim Shan (Gold Mountain) countries of the Pacific rim showed great mobility and organisational capability. They even imported food and drink from China, and established travel agencies, depots and merchant suppliers in Canton city and Hong Kong. They benefited their home villages and generally Kwangtung Province. They played a prominent part in introducing an important new way of Cantonese life by establishing sojournism as a honourable, effective, lifetime occupation, whereby a person went on, say, three or four sojourns overseas before retirement. They continued sojournism to Gim Shan by the chain migration of brothers, sons and kinsmen, since conditions in China had not opened a better option for them of acquiring capital. When they got kinsmen overseas, they called the act  li shung ,  to give life . They established their new way of life within a generation, amid the hazards of travel in the nineteenth century, yet enabled to accumulate land and assets back home. They also became an important political faction in the Kuomintang. The crucial weakness of sojournism, however, is the lack of bonding with the host society. Therefore in New Zealand and elsewhere, the Cantonese goldseekers and their sojourner successors were seen not as mere competitors to settlers but as detrimental rivals, because their competition could displace a settler with a sojourner. The second Cantonese generation, my grandfather s generation, spanned the changeover from the goldfields into market gardens, fruitshops and laundries. They spread into most urban centres in New Zealand and changed their chief port of call from Dunedin to Wellington. The researcher can easily see the adaptability and competition of the Cantonese in their spread of shops and gardens. Take Wellington in the early 1890s. The Chinese population was around 250 yet apparently nearly every Chinese was a working person, and their numerous shops and gardens were sited in strategic locations, the shops especially in the centre of the city. In response to such competition, the Europeans reacted by introducing immigration barriers against them. And to oppose a people, the first justification is denigration. This was easy, as China was at the nadir of its power, while the theory of social Darwinism was at a height in favour of white races. The notion of the Yellow Peril grew and so did a White New Zealand policy, which was never written down but real nevertheless. It was initiated because of the Chinese, and largely directed at them. But I urge the young folk to see both sides of the story; a string always has two ends. For myself, I abhor racial discrimination and demagoguery but I also understand the old Europeans, wanting settlers in a young country, crying,  What use are the Chinese? Where individual Chinese were exceptions to the sojourners, they were as a rule decently treated. The aim was to keep the Chinese out till their existing population in New Zealand either died or returned to China. But this aim was thwarted by the influx of my father s generation, the third Cantonese generation, who arrived especially after WW1 despite a Ѓ100 poll tax, reading test and the loss of naturalisation for Chinese. Hitherto Britain had denied New Zealand the right to totally prohibit the immigration of Chinese. Now New Zealand had that right and in 1920, introduced the 100% effective barrier, the permit system, but it was too late to bar over 2,000 of the third generation from coming . The system up to then was that once they had paid the poll tax and passed the reading test, the Chinese could become permanent residents. But from 1926, virtually all Chinese newcomers were admitted on temporary permits. My father s generation was young, and the best educated sojourner generation so far but they could only carry on the three archetypal occupations of their fathers. In these three they achieved dominance in New Zealand. However, they faced the entrenched prejudices of White New Zealand plus the addition of the theories of eugenics. The chief outward expression of their China orientation in New Zealand was their China patriotism, as intense as that of the first and second generations but now able to be focussed on the Kuomintang. They yearned for the Kuomintang and China to be strong, for they correctly surmised that the treatment they received overseas was related to the weakness of China. So they formed Kuomintang branches in New Zealand and in the 1920s even declared a national holiday for the Chinese on 10 October. They also established the New Zealand Chinese Association, a main function of which was to fundraise for the Chinese forces in the Sino-Japanese war. Effective leaders came forth to lead the Association and its fundraising total for China was rated either the highest or second highest amount per capita in overseas Chinese populations. With the increasing strength and prestige of China and the prospect of Japan becoming an enemy to New Zealand, this country was gradually and positively changing its attitude to China and the Chinese. A key result was the permission for 249 Cantonese wives and 244 of their minor children to enter New Zealand as war refugees, albeit on temporary permits. Now at last we have again a favourable environment for Chinese in New Zealand since the 1870s, and a significant and increasing number of children - the fourth generation - who influenced and were being influenced favourably. After the war, the war refugees and other temporary permit holders who were stranded by the war were allowed to become permanent residents. More, an effort was made to reunify the Chinese families in New Zealand for their eventual assimilation into the wider society. As a result, the Chinese population again reached 5,000 in the 1950s. Nonetheless, despite this increase and the restoration of the right to naturalisation in 1951, many irritations and doubts remained and our parents - who were at the height of their manhood and womanhood - still looked to China as their true homeland, and to continuing the way of life of sojournism. But fate intervened in the communist victory in China in 1949. There followed the so-called land reforms in 1951-1952, which destroyed the Cantonese sojourner base by the confiscation of land and persecution of sojourner families as landlords and bourgeoisie. In the same period, the Kuomintang was exposed as grossly incompetent and corrupt. All this caused turmoil in my father s generation here, but we, their children, felt we can have another homeland, in New Zealand. The fastest and surest key to improving our future in New Zealand was higher education, which was free to all permanent residents. And in a remarkable bound, some 90 of us young Chinese graduated from university up to 1960, about 80 of whom came as refugee children. So much for the alleged inferiority of the New Zealand-Chinese! The crucial question of this spearhead was that once graduated, would Europeans employ us, promote us, patronise us? They did, and as an increasing number of my generation progressed in this country, so our parents and we, ourselves, were convinced that we can change from  Gim Shan huck to  Thin Thi Land huck , from New Zealand Chinese to Chinese New Zealanders. Time passes and we, now the elderly fourth generation, realise that success in the dominant society of New Zealand promotes assimilation, and assimilation demotes Chineseness, but our core ethnic values probably are commitment to family, our elderly, higher education and a longer term perspective than many other New Zealanders. to become permanent residents. More, an effort was made to reunify the Chinese fa!68ью. 0 КМмоNP$%&%к-м-r0t0><@<ТBФBюK№K€P‚PBYDYTaVaXaZa\aќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќќдд(2‚"'(Š  л)л @ЗS З4Xa\aьмв "  "PS"  "PS"  ѓъчdTSHџџџџ/ычdTSH "№д "tt\ab\ad(nячdONTTimes New RomanџЌ/ " " "ЄјУА Г ,,)(АLBhp deskjet 656c series@œАп€ Ond§џvert>ƒe‡ЬкКЬкК4š d \\SUEFAMILY\hp deskjet 656c series,LocalOnly,DrvConvert>ƒe‡*winspoolhp deskjet 656c seriesUSB001Fџџџ"TЋ"€Цš"P“S"i"№` "№``""A."@џџџ"TЋ"№љ"P“S"i"№` "№``"."Kai, Ladies & Gentlemen.wps."0Ms" %Ѓ"аi"аii (" )"were convinced that we can change froўџ џџџџВZЄ žбЄРOЙ2КQuill96 Story Group Classџџџџє9ВqyЙ2КyЙ2К)yЙ2КЙ2КРyЙ2КЫЙ2КћyЙ2КЙ2К§yЙ2К Й2КБ yЙ2КМ Й2КЁyЙ2КЌЙ2КЪyЙ2КЭЙ2КѓyЙ2КќЙ2КkyЙ2КuЙ2К yЙ2КЙ2КyЙ2КЙ2КщyЙ2КюЙ2КyЙ2КЙ2К€yЙ2К‹Й2КИyЙ2КТЙ2КЗ)yЙ2КС)Й2К.yЙ2К.…Й2К .yЙ2К.Й2К.yЙ2К.…Й2К$.yЙ2К(.Й2К/yЙ2К/